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Pin Making East Bristol in the 18th and 19th centuries.

Two Mile Hill - One of the largest factories in East Bristol was opened by Robert Charleton at Two Mile Hill, Kingswood in 1831.

Charleton (1809-72) was a prominent Bristol quaker, philanthropist and temperance worker. He followed the pattern of other Victorian benevolent employers. He maintained a severe regime, strict moral control and created a disciplined and indebted work force.

In 1841 Charleton employed about 110 women and girls and 50 men and boys in the factory. In addition, about 500 women and girl outworkers were employed at heading and sticking. Pin making is a good example of the survival of the pre-industrial system of outwork well into the Victorian years of factory based industrial organisation.

Outwork was an essential feature of the textile, clothing, boot and shoe, straw, nail and chain making trades. As with pin making it was usually the final stages of manufacture requiring more delicate operations which were carried out by the outworkers.

The Children’s Employment Commission was set up in 1840 to examine the employment of children in mining and manufacturing. Whilst not officially asked to do so, the Sub-Commissioners also reported on women’s employment. The Commissioners’ Report revealed such appalling conditions in mines that the Mines and Collieries Act was immediately passed which forbade the employment of boys below ten and all females underground.

The Sub-Commissioners also reported on children’s and females’ employment in manufacturing industries. The Sub-Commissioner for South Gloucestershire was Elijah Waring. His report (1841) is a valuable document which enables us to glimpse the working lives of some of the women and children of East Bristol. Albeit this is through the eyes of the male inspectors.

Perhaps though its greater value lies in its revelation of prevailing attitudes to female employment. In his preoccupation with respectability and morality Waring exemplified the concerns of so many middle class commentators who divided the poor into the rough and the respectable, the undeserving and the deserving.

Waring reported that: 'Pin-making furnishes employment to a multitude of the poor population; the operation of fixing on the heads being carried on to a great extent by females, in private houses as well as in the manufactories'.

He also reported on iron-works and nail making, and, mentioned other trades: 'button and comb making, wire-working, horsehair weaving, willow-weaving, lacemaking, book folding and stitching, brick-making, hat and cap making, soap-boiling, the manufacture of Lobacco.'

Waring visited Robert Charleton’s factory at Two Mile Hill and James Dobson’s factory at Soundwell. He reported that the majority of employees in these two factories were young girls from 14-18 years old; no girls or boys under 12 were employed.

A few boys were employed in drawing and straightening the wire. The boys in Charleton’s factory were all sons of men working in the factory. Some were employed directly by Charleton, others were paid by their fathers.

Grinding the points and coating the pins with white metal was done by adults. Heading was done wholly by girls and women,each of whom sits before a machine worked by a foot-board or treadle, having by her a wooden bowl of pointed shanks, and another of heads; the heads being formed of compact spiral wire... The header takes an indefinite number of shanks between her thumb and fingers, and dips them into the bowlful of heads, when she generally finds each shank furnished with a loose head. She then drops the pins singly into a perpendicular receptacle in the block, under the hammer, and by a single motion of her foot rivets on the head.

This is performed with almost inconceivable rapidity and without any intent occupation of the eye. The women and girls worked twelve hours a day. They earned from 2/6d to 7/- a week; the boys earned 1/- to 8/- a week. They were paid piece rates except for the packers, who put the pins in the papers, who earned 10d daily. Waring commented, 'There is a great disproportion between the wages of the men and the females.

Heading machines were used both in the factories and by outworkers at home. Waring was highly critical of the machines: 'The old-fashioned heading-machines are semi-barbarous con trivances, which it would be desirable to see annihilated. They require a close and continuous application of the sight, a protracted action of the feet, and an inclination of the whole body unfavourable to health. It appears, however, that the liability of the improved machines to get out of repair impedes their introduction to private homes'.

Pointing the pins was also dangerous, the fine brass dust was breathed in by the grinding operators. Despite this, Waring reported that he 'observed no unhealthy appearances' amongst the pinmakers that he saw:

'Many of the girls are even remarkably blooming, and their persons and dress particul

I LOVE parks in NYC, because there's always so much going on around you at all times. They are virtual people-watching paradises!

Take the above scene, for example. Obviously the couple in the grass are grabbing the most attention here. I could have shown several shots of them "getting it on" (they apparently weren't shy), but I wanted to keep this PG-rated.
Now...observe the shirtless guy in the background that is watching the action, and then the older gentlemen next to him watching HIM.

Rewind to a few minutes earlier, and you get the scene below....

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Cognitive scientist Donald Hoffman's exploration of the extraordinary creative genius of the mind's eye "has many virtues, of which sheer intellectual excitement is the foremost" (Nature). Hoffman explains that far from being a passive recorder of a preexisting world, the eye actively constructs every aspect of our visual experience. In an informal style replete with illustrations, Hoffman presents the compelling scientific evidence for vision's constructive powers, unveiling a grammar of vision - a set of rules that govern our perception of line, color, form, depth, and motion. Hoffman also describes the loss of these constructive powers in patients such as an artist who can no longer see or dream in color and a man who sees his father as an impostor. Finally, Hoffman explores the spinoffs of visual intelligence in the arts and technology, from film special effects to virtual reality. This is, in sum, "an outstanding example of creative popular science" (Publishers Weekly). 20 full-color and 130 black-and-white illustrations

Visual intelligence, cognitive scientist Donald Hoffman writes, is the power that people use to "construct an experience of objects out of colors, lines, and motions." And what an underappreciated ability it is, too; despite the fact that the visual process uses up a considerable chunk of our brainpower, we're only just learning how it works. Hoffman aptly demonstrates the mysterious constructive powers of our eye-brain machines using lots of simple drawings and diagrams to illustrate basic rules of the visual road. Many of the examples are familiar optical illusions--perspective-confounding cubes, a few lines that add up to a more complex shape than seems right. Hoffman also takes a cue from Oliver Sacks, employing anecdotes about people with various specific visual malfunctions to both further his mechanical explanation of visual intelligence and drive home how important this little-understood aspect of cognition can be in our lives. An especially intriguing example involves a boy, blind from birth, who is surgically given the power to see. At first, he is completely unable to visually distinguish objects familiar by touch, such as the cat and the dog. Other poignant examples show clearly how image construction is normally linked to our emotional well-being and sense of place. Visual Intelligence is a fascinating, confounding look (as it were) at an aspect of human physiology and psychology that very few of us think about much at all. --Therese Littleton